Smart Green Technologies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Smart Green Technologies - Research Paper Example Conservation of energy achieves this role of repairing. Imperatives responsible for controlling energy consumptions utilizes all environmental aspects are being by the help of ICT data centers. Opportunities that can be offered by ICT in helping economies respond well to the drastic effects of climate change are coming to the limelight. These opportunities will make the environment smart with low amounts of pollutants like carbon in the air. Designing of low cost equipment’s that provide value to the end users proves smart. Such equipment that develops from various technologies forms the discussion of this paper (Astorino n.d). Thermostats control the turning off and on of both air and temperature conditions, in businesses and homes. Some people still retain thermostats that tune for the same temperatures throughout the day. Most people do also use digital programmable thermostats that can set for different time periods at different temperatures. These settings last during the day and night. Thermostats whose temperature adjustment settings satisfy the interests and desires of all consumers are now available. Nest learnable thermostat is one such example. Nest learnable thermostat programs itself at different time intervals. It has a patented auto way feature. Auto way is a feature that uses a sensor which keeps track of all activities within the house. It monitors the heating or cooling needed as one moves around the home. When activity ceases for few hours, the machine goes into auto way mode. This turns the temperature settings to either a maximum or minimum that one has preset into its program. The nest learnable thermostat monitors a home at a 150 degree wide angle view sensor. It is in use at an average of nine homes out of ten. The machine is flying off the shelf at a high rate with a friendly cost of $249.00. It sets home temperatures to save money by at least 20% of the expected costs (Thiele 2-10). Apart from programming

Yeast Fermentation Essay Example for Free

Yeast Fermentation Essay The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of different amounts of a substrate on the respiration rate of yeast and to compare this to the effect of different amounts of glucose on the rate of yeast respiration. The substrate which I chose to further investigate was fructose. Fructose is a fruit sugar which is one of the three, along with glucose and galactose, dietary monosaccharides that are directly absorbed into the bloodstream during digestion. Materials: 2% yeast solution Large beaker Small beaker Conical flask Thermometer (Ë™C) Glass rod pH meter data logger Hot water Sensitive digital scale (g) Fructose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) Glucose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) Measuring cylinder (cm3) Variables Independent: Concentration of glucose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) , concentration of fructose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) Dependent: Amount of carbon dioxide produced, i.e. rate of yeast respiration Controlled: 2% yeast solution (20cm3), initial temperature of yeast solution (35-40Ë™C), amount of time that the reaction is measured (180 seconds) Method †¢20cm3 of yeast solution was measured using a measuring cylinder and then  poured into a conical flask. †¢1.0g of glucose was weighed on a digital balance. †¢Hot wà ¡ter was poured into a large beaker, and the conical flask containing the yeast was placed inside with a thermometre inside. †¢The conical flask was kept inside The conical flask was held like this until the 2% yeast solution reached an initial temperature between 35-40Ë™C (specific temperature was noted down) When this temperature was reached, the thermometer was taken out of the conical flask and the conical flask out of the hot wate

Abortion And Peace :: essays research papers

Abortion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I knew from day one that this essay was not gonna be easy. Abortion is not an easy subject. Before I say any thing I would just like to say that I don’t think men should have a say in this at all. I am Pro- choice. This to me, means that people should have the right to make decisions for them selves, you know, Freedom? a right of the United States of America. I think individuals should be responsible for their own bodies and what they do to them selves. If they have an abortion its their business and no one else. A woman should be able to get an abortion with out having to be discriminated by protesters. I don’t think abortion is pretty but neither is heart surgery. I do think abortion is bad but I think it’s important that we can have choices. I have looked at it from both sides and actually I agree with both sides. I don’t know if that’s good or bad but I personally think that it’s good. It doesn’t mean I’m confused it just means both sides have their highs and lows. I have picked pro-choice because although I don’t like abortion, I don’t think we should rid (of) it completely, I don’t like smokin but I don’t say lets get rid of that. There's lots of things we don’t like but that doesn’t mean they are bad or wrong. What is outrageous to one may be civilized to others. Clearly the best out come of this conflict would be compromise. Not a compromise to solve the problem but a compromise to satisfy people in conflict until further question. If we reach a compromise both sides will feel like they are a step in the right direction. My idea of a compromise is very simple. Many pro-lifes strongly disagree with abortion but are willing to make an exception for raped victims and any thing that goes along with rape. Pro-choice feel for those people especially, I feel that pro-choice people would go for a compromise big time. Since both sides have that sliver of agreement I think to get an abortion you should have to pass certain requirements. Some requirements are; proof of rape, and/or if the pregnancy will kill the mother then an abortion will be acceptable. There will be various other exceptions but those are the two that stand out. Abortion And Peace :: essays research papers Abortion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I knew from day one that this essay was not gonna be easy. Abortion is not an easy subject. Before I say any thing I would just like to say that I don’t think men should have a say in this at all. I am Pro- choice. This to me, means that people should have the right to make decisions for them selves, you know, Freedom? a right of the United States of America. I think individuals should be responsible for their own bodies and what they do to them selves. If they have an abortion its their business and no one else. A woman should be able to get an abortion with out having to be discriminated by protesters. I don’t think abortion is pretty but neither is heart surgery. I do think abortion is bad but I think it’s important that we can have choices. I have looked at it from both sides and actually I agree with both sides. I don’t know if that’s good or bad but I personally think that it’s good. It doesn’t mean I’m confused it just means both sides have their highs and lows. I have picked pro-choice because although I don’t like abortion, I don’t think we should rid (of) it completely, I don’t like smokin but I don’t say lets get rid of that. There's lots of things we don’t like but that doesn’t mean they are bad or wrong. What is outrageous to one may be civilized to others. Clearly the best out come of this conflict would be compromise. Not a compromise to solve the problem but a compromise to satisfy people in conflict until further question. If we reach a compromise both sides will feel like they are a step in the right direction. My idea of a compromise is very simple. Many pro-lifes strongly disagree with abortion but are willing to make an exception for raped victims and any thing that goes along with rape. Pro-choice feel for those people especially, I feel that pro-choice people would go for a compromise big time. Since both sides have that sliver of agreement I think to get an abortion you should have to pass certain requirements. Some requirements are; proof of rape, and/or if the pregnancy will kill the mother then an abortion will be acceptable. There will be various other exceptions but those are the two that stand out.

aphasia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are parts of the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. â€Å"Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage†. (Sarno 23) Anyone can acquire aphasia, but most people who have aphasia are in their middle to late years. Men and women are equally affected. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 80,000 individuals acquire aphasia each year†.(Eiesenson 37) â€Å"About one million persons in the United States currently have aphasia†.(www.aphasia.org) Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when, for some reason, blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood, which carries oxygen and important nutrients. Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors, brain infections, and other conditions of the brain. â€Å"Individuals with Broca's aphasia have damage to the frontal lobe of the brain†. (www.aphasia.org) These individuals frequently speak in short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort. Broca's aphasia is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia. Affected people often omit small words such as "is," "and," and "the." â€Å"For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog" meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk." The same sentence could also mean "You take the dog for a walk," or "The dog walked out of the yard," depending on the circumstances†. (Jakobson 43) Individuals with Broca's aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems. â€Å"Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm a nd leg because the frontal lobe is also important for body movement†. (Jakobs... ... the home. Seek out support groups such as stroke clubs. Aphasia research is exploring new ways to evaluate and treat aphasia as well as to further understanding of the function of the brain. Brain imaging techniques are helping to define brain function, determine the severity of brain damage, and predict the severity of the aphasia. â€Å"These procedures include PET (positron emission tomography), CT (computed tomography), and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) as well as the new functional magnetic resonance (FMRI), which identifies areas of the brain that are used during activities such as speaking or listening†. () â€Å"In-depth testing of the language ability of individuals with the various aphasic syndromes is helping to design effective treatment strategies†.() The use of computers in aphasia treatment is being studied. Promising new drugs administered shortly after some types of stroke are being investigated as ways to reduce the severity of aphasia Works Cited Sarno, Martha T. Acquired Aphasia. California. Academic Press. 1998. Eiesenson, Jon. Aphasia in Children. New York. Jakobson, Roman. Child Language Aphasia and Phonological Universals. Texas. 1972 www.aphasia.org

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Designing Effective Projects: Thinking Skills Frameworks Bloom’s Taxonomy: A New Look at an Old Standby Traditional Hierarchy of Thinking Processes In 1956, Benjamin Bloom wrote Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain, and his six-level description of thinking has been widely adapted and used in countless contexts ever since. His list of cognitive processes is organized from the most simple, the recall of knowledge, to the most complex, making judgments about the value and worth of an idea. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Traditional) Skill Knowledge DefinitionRecall information Comprehension Understand the meaning, paraphrase a concept Use the information or concept in a new situation Break information or concepts into parts to understand it more fully Put ideas together to form something new Make judgments about value Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Key Words Identify, describe, name, label, recognize, reproduce, follow Summarize, co nvert, defend, paraphrase, interpret, give examples Build, make, construct, model, predict, prepare Compare/contrast, break down, distinguish, select, separate Categorize, generalize, reconstructAppraise, critique, judge, justify, argue, support Today’s world is a different place, however, than the one Bloom’s Taxonomy reflected in 1956. Educators have learned a great deal more about how students learn and teachers teach and now recognize that teaching and learning encompasses more than just thinking. It also involves the feelings and beliefs of students and teachers as well as the social and cultural environment of the classroom. Several cognitive psychologists have worked to make the basic concept of a taxonomy of thinking skills more relevant and accurate.In developing his own taxonomy of educational objectives, Marzano (2000) points out one criticism of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The very structure of the Taxonomy, moving from the simplest level of knowledge to the m ost difficult level of evaluation, is not supported by research. A hierarchical taxonomy implies that each higher skill is composed of the skills beneath it; comprehension requires knowledge; application requires comprehension and knowledge, and so on. This, according to Marzano, is simply not true of the cognitive processes in Bloom’s Taxonomy.The originators of the original six thinking processes assumed that complex projects could be labeled as requiring one of the processes more than the others. A task was primarily an â€Å"analysis† or an â€Å"evaluation† task. This has been proven not to be true which may account for the difficulty that educators have classifying challenging learning activities using the Taxonomy. Anderson (2000) argues that nearly all complex learning activities require the use of several different cognitive skills. Like any theoretical model, Bloom’s Taxonomy has its strengths and weaknesses.Its greatest strength is that it has taken the very important topic of thinking and placed a structure around it that is usable by practitioners. Those teachers who keep a list of question prompts relating to the various levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy undoubtedly do a better job of encouraging higher-order thinking in their students than those who have no such tool. On the other hand, as anyone who has worked with a group of educators to classify a group of questions and learning activities according to the Taxonomy can attest, there is little consensus about what seemingly self-evident erms like â€Å"analysis,† or â€Å"evaluation† mean. In addition, so many worthwhile activities, such as authentic problems and projects, cannot be mapped to the Taxonomy, and trying to do that would diminish their potential as learning opportunities. Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy In 1999, Dr. Lorin Anderson, a fromer student of Bloom's, and his colleagues published an updated version of Bloom’s Taxonomy that takes into account a broader range of factors that have an impact on teaching and learning. This revised taxonomy attempts to correct some of the problems with the original taxonomy.Unlike the 1956 version, the revised taxonomy differentiates between â€Å"knowing what,† the content of thinking, and â€Å"knowing how,† the procedures used in solving problems. The Knowledge Dimension is the â€Å"knowing what. † It has four categories: factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive. Factual knowledge includes isolated bits of information, such as vocabulary definitions and knowledge about specific details. Conceptual knowledge consists of systems of information, such as classifications and categories.Procedural knowledge includes algorithms, heuristics or rules of thumb, techniques, and methods as well as knowledge about when to use these procedures. Metacognitive knowledge refers to knowledge of thinking processes and information about how to manipulate thes e processes effectively. The Cognitive Process Dimension of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy like the original version has six skills. They are, from simplest to most complex: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create. Remembering Remembering consists of recognizing and recalling relevant information from long-term memory.Understanding Understanding is the ability to make your own meaning from educational material such as reading and teacher explanations. The subskills for this process include interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying The third process, applying, refers to using a learned procedure either in a familiar or new situation. Analysis The next process is analysis, which consists of breaking knowledge down into its parts and thinking about how the parts relate to its overall structure.Students analyze by differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluation Evaluation, which is at the top of the original taxonomy, is the fifth of the six processes in the revised version. It includes checking and critiquing. Creating Creating, a process not included in the earlier taxonomy, is the highest component of the new version. This skill involves putting things together to make something new. To accomplish creating tasks, learners generate, plan, and produce.According to this taxonomy, each level of knowledge can correspond to each level of cognitive process, so a student can remember factual or procedural knowledge, understand conceptual or metacognitive knowledge, or analyze metacognitive or factual knowledge. According to Anderson and his colleagues, â€Å"Meaningful learning provides students with the knowledge and cognitive processes they need for successful problem solving†. The following charts list examples of each skill of the Cognitive and Knowledge Dimensions. Cognitive Processes Dimensions Cognitive ProcessesExamples Remembering—Produce the right informa tion from memory Recognizing †¢ Identify frogs in a diagram of different kinds of amphibians. †¢ Find an isosceles triangle in your neighborhood. †¢ Answer any true-false or multiple-choice questions. Recalling †¢ Name three 19th-century women English authors. †¢ Write the multiplication facts. †¢ Reproduce the chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride. Understanding—Make meaning from educational materials or experiences Interpreting †¢ Translate a story problem into an algebraic equation. †¢ Draw a diagram of the digestive system. Paraphrase Jawaharlal Nehru's tryst with destiny speech. Exemplifying †¢ Draw a parallelogram. †¢ Find an example of stream-of-consciousness style of writing. †¢ Name a mammal that lives in our area. Classifying †¢ Label numbers odd or even. †¢ List the events of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. †¢ Group native animals into their proper species. Summarizing †¢ Make up a title for a short passage. †¢ List the key points related to capital punishment that the Web site promotes. Inferring †¢ Read a passage of dialogue between two characters and make conclusions about their past relationship. Figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar term from the context. †¢ Look at a series of numbers and predict what the next number will be. Comparing †¢ Explain how the heart is like a pump. †¢ Compare Mahatma Gandhi to a present day leader. †¢ Use a Venn diagram to demonstrate how two books by Charles Dickens are similar and different. Explaining †¢ Draw a diagram explaining how air pressure affects the weather. †¢ Provide details that justify why the French Revolution happened when and how it did. †¢ Describe how interest rates affect the economy. Applying—Use a procedure Executing Add a column of two-digit numbers. †¢ Orally read a passage in a foreign language. †¢ Have a student open house discussion. Implementing †¢ Design an experiment to see how plants grow in different kinds of soil. †¢ Proofread a piece of writing. †¢ Create a budget. Analyzing—Break a concept down into its parts and describe how the parts relate to the whole Differentiating †¢ List the important information in a mathematical word problem and cross out the unimportant information. †¢ Draw a diagram showing the major and minor characters in a novel. Organizing †¢ Place the books in the classroom library into categories. Make a chart of often-used figurative devices and explain their effect. †¢ Make a diagram showing the ways plants and animals in your neighborhood interact with each other. Attributing †¢ Read letters to the editor to determine the authors’ points of view about a local issue. †¢ Determine a character’s motivation in a novel or short story. †¢ Look at brochures of political candidates and hypothesize about their perspectives on issues. Evaluating—Make judgments based on criteria and syllabus guidelines Checking †¢ Participate in a writing group, giving peers feedback on organization and logic of arguments. Listen to a political speech and make a list of any contradictions within the speech. †¢ Review a project plan to see if all the necessary steps are included. Critiquing †¢ Judge how well a project meets the criteria of a rubric. †¢ Choose the best method for solving a complex mathematical problem. †¢ Judge the validity of arguments for and against astrology. Creating—Put pieces together to form something new or recognize components of a new structure. Generating †¢ Given a list of criteria, list some options for improving race relations in the school. †¢ Generate several scientific hypotheses to explain why plants need sunshine. Propose a set of alternatives for reducing dependence on fossil fuels that address both economic and environmental concerns. †¢ Com e up with alternative hypotheses based on criteria. Planning †¢ Make a storyboard for a multimedia presentation on insects. †¢ Outline a research paper on Mark Twain’s views on religion. †¢ Design a scientific study to test the effect of different kinds of music on hens’ egg production. Producing †¢ Write a journal from the point of view of mountaineer. †¢ Build a habitat for pigeons. †¢ Put on a play based on a chapter from a novel you’re reading. The Knowledge DimensionFactual Knowledge—Basic information Knowledge of terminology Vocabulary terms, mathematical symbols, musical notation, alphabet Knowledge of specific details and Components of the Food Pyramid, names of elements congressional representatives, major battles of WWII Conceptual Knowledge—The relationships among pieces of a larger structure that make them function together Knowledge of classifications and Species of animals, different kinds of arguments, c ategories geological eras Knowledge of principles and Types of conflict in literature, Newton’s Laws of Motion, generalizations principles of democracyKnowledge of theories, models, and Theory of evolution, economic theories, DNA models structures Procedural Knowledge—How to do something Knowledge of subject-specific skills Procedure for solving quadratic equations, mixing colors and algorithms for oil painting, serving a volleyball Knowledge of subject-specific Literary criticism, analysis of historical documents, techniques and methods mathematical problem-solving methods Knowledge of criteria for Methods appropriate for different kinds of experiments, determining when to use statistical analysis procedures used for different ppropriate procedures situations, syllabus guidelines for different genres of writing Metacognitive Knowledge—Knowledge of thinking in general and your thinking in particular Strategic knowledge Ways of memorizing facts, reading comprehen sion strategies, methods of planning a Web site Knowledge about cognitive tasks, Different reading demands of textbooks and novels; including appropriate contextual thinking ahead when using an electronic database; and conditional knowledge differences between writing emails and writing business letters Self-knowledge Need for a diagram or chart to understand complex rocesses, better comprehension in quiet environments, need to discuss ideas with someone before writing an essay References Anderson, L. W. & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing. New York: Longman. Bloom, B. S. , (Ed. ). 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York: Longman. Costa, A. L. (Ed. ). (2000). Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Marzano, R. J. (2000). Designing a new taxonomy of educational objectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Juvenile Justices

Juvenile Justices Introduction Over the last decade, child abuse and neglect has been on the increase. This fact comes with its challenges and right now juvenile justice system is facing challenges and some unique issues that if not well addressed would plunge this system into crisis in future. It is unfortunate that, this system has not undergone restructuring to accommodate changing trends in society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Laws have not been reviewed to address the ever-changing societal trends in justice matters. Ignoring the facts does not change them, and whether the juvenile justice system acknowledges it or not; there are numerous challenges and unique issues facing the juvenile justice system, in the 21st century regarding the increasing numbers of child abuse and neglect. Increasing Child Abuse and Neglect As aforementioned, child abuse and neglect has been on the i ncrease over the last decade. According to Nation Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse (NCPCA) (2007), â€Å"Child abuse reports have maintained a steady growth for the past ten years, with the total number of reports nationwide increasing by 45% since 1997† (p. 5). This depicts how grave the issue of child abuse and neglect is. According to National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research (2000), the year 1999 was the climax with 3,244,000 reports of child abuse and neglect reaching the Child Protective Service (CPS). Neglect is the prominent form of child maltreatment causing over 43% of child fatalities in a year. These statistics are alarming and they pose great challenge to juvenile justice system. In 2001, the Third National Incidence Study (NIS-3) compiled results on child abuse in 25 states showing that, â€Å"62% involved neglect, 25% physical abuse, 7% sexual abuse, 3% emotional maltreatment and 4% other.   For substantiated cases, 31 states gave the fol lowing breakdowns: 60% neglect, 23% physical, 9% sexual, 4% emotional maltreatment and 5% other† (Reid, 2001, p. 6). These figures, compared to say figures of twenty years ago are very different. Most recent results are more revealing. According to Lung and Daro (2009), â€Å"information from 34 states representing 67.3% of the U.S. population under the age of 18, an estimated 1,215 child maltreatment deaths were confirmed by child protective service (CPS) agencies in 2008† (12). Interestingly, these statistics show deaths only. Logically, not all the abused and neglected children die; therefore, the numbers of the abuse and neglect cases has to be higher than the deaths. Moreover, these statistics represent only the reported cases, meaning that the actual number of cases is higher than the documented ones. Therefore, extrapolating these statistics to cover all cases of abuse and neglect and including the unreported cases, child abuse, and neglect has up surged in the r ecent past. What does this mean to the juvenile justice system?Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Challenges in Juvenile Justice System The fact that more children are being abused and neglected means that more children will end up in criminal practices. According to National Child Abuse (2010), â€Å"Children who experience child abuse neglect are 59% more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, 28% more likely to be arrested as an adult, and 30% more likely to commit violent crime.† This is the nightmare facing the juvenile justice system. Gelles (2006), notes that, increase in child abuse and neglect means increase in criminal practices amongst these children (38). The greatest question remains; is the juvenile justice system prepared to address the increasing number of juvenile crimes cases? As aforementioned, there are numerous challenges facing this system some of which are unique as exposited next. To understand the challenges facing the juvenile justice system in the 21st Century, it is good to know the structures of this system. This system is not meant to handle violent crimes. Moreover, young people below the age of 16 are not supposed to be arraigned in adult courts. Now, this is the stalemate; young people are becoming violent criminals, they are not supposed to be arraigned in adults courts and on the other side, the juvenile justice system does not handle violent crimes. This stalemate does not annul the fact that more young people are becoming violent criminals due to child neglect and abuse. This challenge is unique in its own. The fact is, the justice juvenile system is overwhelmed, and not unless laws are reviewed to accommodate these challenges, the future of this system is doomed to failure. There are unique issues facing the system juvenile system. According to Colon Willoughby, a Wake County District Attorney, â€Å"because the system was meant for petty crimes – such as shoplifting, – it is shrouded in secrecy to protect juvenile offenders† (Lamb, 2009, p. 6). This is another unique issue. This system requires that juvenile case files be kept private to enable these youngsters to start afresh in life as adults. Unfortunately, the trends have changed. These juveniles are no longer interested in petty crimes like shoplifting; no, they are involved in capital crimes; and what is the juvenile justice system doing about it, nothing. The future of this system is bleak; no ray of hope is coming through; not even the administration can do much because law has to be followed. To cap the challenges facing the juvenile system, Colon Willoughby says, â€Å"I think this is a dirty little secret in our court system. We have violent juveniles out there; we are not able to deal with them, and we do not even know who they are† (Lamb, 2009, p. 6). This is true; there are many violent juvenil e ‘criminals’ terrorizing innocent people out there; unfortunately, current laws seem to protect them. As aforementioned, trends have changed and contemporary society is grappling with issues that seemed alien in early 19th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unfortunately, structures have not changed with changing times and just like the dinosaurs, the juvenile justice system may soon be distinct if it cannot cope with change. The greatest future challenge facing this system is that of structural organization. Willoughby posits that, â€Å"Prosecutors and judges in the adult court system have access to juveniles felony records, but prosecutors need a court order to review them. Moreover, it can be time consuming pulling those files because there is centralized statewide system to manage them†¦it is at the discretion of the presiding judge wh ether to allow them in open court† (Lamb, 2009, p. 6). This statement highlights two key issues viz. organizational and structural challenges. The fact that the discretion on whether to arraign a juvenile in open court lies in hands of the presiding judges indicates incompetence of juvenile justice system. Additionally, Willoughby poses the issue of time consumption in retrieving criminal records. These two areas pose the greatest future challenges to juvenile justice system given the upsurge in juvenile crime catalyzed by child abuse and neglect. Conclusion The juvenile justice system is facing numerous challenges coupled with some unique issues that seem insurmountable if drastic measures are not taken in the wake of increasing juvenile crimes emanating from up surging child abuse and neglect. Over the last ten year, child abuse and neglect has been on the rise and this translates into increase in juvenile crime. Moreover, trends in juvenile crimes are changing by the day an d more juveniles are engaging in capital crimes. Unfortunately, the structure and organization of the juvenile justice system does not offer dynamic options of dealing with these changing trends. The justice juvenile system was meant to address petty crimes, which were prevalent amongst youth in those times. Under the current law, a juvenile can only be arraigned in open court after approval by a presiding judge. However, given the increasing number of juvenile crimes, the future of this system is bleak. Reference List Gelles, R. (2006). Child Maltreatment and Foster Care. Gender Issues, 23(4): 36-47 Lamb, A. (2009). Juvenile Justice System Faces Challenges. WRAL, A3.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lung, C., Daro, D. (2009) Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 2005 Annual Fifty State Survey. National Committee to Prevent  Child Abuse, 6(1): 12-18. National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research. (2000). Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities. The Results of the 1999 Annual Fifty State Survey. National Child Abuse. (2010). Child Abuse in America. Web. Nation Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse. (2007). 2006 Annual Fifty State Survey. Reid, T. (2001). News NIS-3 Data. APSAC Advisor, 9 (3): 6-9.

True Class in America

True Class in America Free Online Research Papers As children, we are taught that there are no social or economic classes in the United States. We are prompted to believe that everyone is equal in nearly every way and that no one type of person has an advantage over another. As we grow older, we begin to realize that the doctrines that have been given to us are not true. Americans separate themselves into unequal social class. Whether or not we will admit this or not is does not matter. Although it would be nice if there were not, there are many social classes in America, whether people will admit it or not. Each and every individual in society belongs to one of many established social classes. Classification into the class structure does not take into account one’s ignorance or disbelief. Plainly; one will be classified with or without one’s knowledge. It is important to understand that there is a class system in American society because its presence creates a blueprint or structure for each of our lives. In order to better understand the class system in America, one must first understand its components. There are many social classes in the United States; many Americans will not consider themselves as anything other than â€Å"middle class†. Logically speaking, in order to have a class system, there must be people in the Upper and Lower Classes, as well as the Middle Class. We as Americans do not want to be classified as Lower Class, even if we are â€Å"dirt poor†. In general, most American’s also do not want to be considered as Upper Class, even if we have more money than we know what to do with. The idea of being Upper Class, or even being around someone who is, seems to make people uneasy. The social class structure in America can be represented with a triangle or pyramid. The smallest segment, which is at the top, is the Upper Class. The Upper Class contains the supposedly rich, cultured, and sometimes self proclaimed socially adept people. Below the Upper Class, lies the Middle Class. The Middle Class contains intelligent, hopeful, hard working people. Some in this class hope to one day reach a success (and ultimately, monetary) level in which they would become part of the Upper Class, while others are perfectly happy in the social class that they are in. Finally, at the base of the triangular illustration, is the Lower Class. This class, as expected, contains more people than both the Middle Class and Upper Class. This class contains mostly hard working individuals who get by and make do with what they have to work with. Some of these people have less than desirable situations, somewhat due to poor decision making a hard way of life. Although this is the case for so me, most are faced with unfair opportunities and unequal representation in society. One thing about the Middle Class that differentiates it from the Lower and Upper Classes it’s ability to facilitate aspirations. Middle Class citizens are able to aspire to be more than what they are born into. They are able to dream for success and luxury. Unlike the Middle Class, the Lower Class is not capable of possessing the same aspirations. This is due to the fact that things that would be desired by the Middle Class may seem somewhat out of reach, but not unattainable. These same objectives are more unattainable and even more out of reach for the Lower Class because of their point of view. They have less to start out with than higher classes. They also do not have the same opportunities as higher classes that would enable them to reach these goals. Those people, who would logically be placed in the Upper Class, are not always offended by that categorization. Some Upper Class occupants hold the beliefs that they do belong there and that certain other people, or types of people, do not. The Upper Class can be loosely defined as an elite club. This club is very hard to get into if one is not already a member by way of one’s family or social favors. Unfortunately, some members of the Upper Class do look down upon those in the middle class and even more upon those who belong to the Lower Class. This can create some tensions between the classes Lower Class Americans have a bad stereotype. In general, when we as society think of Lower Class people, we envision ragged old people pushing shopping carts down the side of the road. This stereotype is not usually the case. Most people who can be categorized as Lower Class are not homeless, unemployed, or completely poor. The majority of people in this class work minimum wage jobs which give them a yearly salary sometimes below the poverty level. Many times Lower Class people cannot get out of their class standing due to the fact that they were part of the Lower Class. Lower Class people due not always have an education, therefore, they cannot get a decent job, thus, they cannot make any money to improve their lifestyle. Ultimately, Lower Class people, for the most part, cannot â€Å"get out†. To be fair, not all Lower Class citizens are Lower Class for their entire life. There are many stories of people who were born into poverty and a Lower Class society who ended up as so cial leaders. Finally, there is the Middle Class. This is the class that society has labeled as the class in which â€Å"true Americans† belong. As stated earlier, Americans are reluctant to think of themselves as anything other than middle class. Being in the Middle Class brings a sense of security to one’s self. Being a part of the Middle Class means that one is â€Å"doing all right†. One does not have to worry about being perceived as lush, as they might if one were Upper Class. While at the same time, one doesn’t have to worry about being labeled as a lazy, bum with no money. Unfortunately, this might happen if one were considered as Lower Class. Being Middle Class means that there is something to aspire to be (Upper Class), and there is always a situation worse than the one at hand (Lower Class). Unfortunately, in America, social class is a derived form of economic class. Thus â€Å"poor† people end up being classified as lower social class Americans, while the â€Å"rich† are classified as upper social class Americans. This is due to the fact that one cannot be cultured and socially active without money. Money provides a facade about one’s self both literally and figuratively. Money buys clothes and make-up which give off first impressions to people. In addition, money also allows one to be socially active. A socially active and cultured person is most likely not going to be labeled as Lower Class. Understanding of social classification has plagued society for many years. The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels described a society where people had a place in society, but were unable to digress from that which they were born into. During the 1840’s 50’s, the controlling class was the bourgeoisie. Members of this class had sole ownership of all means of production. Today this class, the Upper Class, would consist of the elite 1% of our population and would contain high society members such as CEO’s and the like. Marx and Engels also described the Proletariat. This class would be simply dubbed: the workers. They would provide the physical labor needed by the Bourgeoisie until the introduction of machinery into factories. Today, people belonging to this class are considered the working poor. These people work low wage jobs and are constantly on the verge of falling into poverty. This class exemplifies a previous statement that there is always a worse situation in life than the one at hand. Why does society feel the need to label or classify people into classes? This is a question that still remains in our society. People have a need to feel like they know where they belong in life and society. Having a label gives one the comfort of being something. Many are hypocritical in this sense because people often express a want for everybody to be equal, but no one can be equal if they are put into a class structure like what has been done in society. To be equal is to be the same, and no one is the same as another. Research Papers on True Class in AmericaStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal Immigration True Class in America Free Online Research Papers As children, we are taught that there are no social or economic classes in the United States. We are prompted to believe that everyone is equal in nearly every way and that no one type of person has an advantage over another. As we grow older, we begin to realize that the doctrines that have been given to us are not true. Americans separate themselves into unequal social class. Whether or not we will admit this or not is does not matter. Although it would be nice if there were not, there are many social classes in America, whether people will admit it or not. Each and every individual in society belongs to one of many established social classes. Classification into the class structure does not take into account one’s ignorance or disbelief. Plainly; one will be classified with or without one’s knowledge. It is important to understand that there is a class system in American society because its presence creates a blueprint or structure for each of our lives. In order to better understand the class system in America, one must first understand its components. There are many social classes in the United States; many Americans will not consider themselves as anything other than â€Å"middle class†. Logically speaking, in order to have a class system, there must be people in the Upper and Lower Classes, as well as the Middle Class. We as Americans do not want to be classified as Lower Class, even if we are â€Å"dirt poor†. In general, most American’s also do not want to be considered as Upper Class, even if we have more money than we know what to do with. The idea of being Upper Class, or even being around someone who is, seems to make people uneasy. The social class structure in America can be represented with a triangle or pyramid. The smallest segment, which is at the top, is the Upper Class. The Upper Class contains the supposedly rich, cultured, and sometimes self proclaimed socially adept people. Below the Upper Class, lies the Middle Class. The Middle Class contains intelligent, hopeful, hard working people. Some in this class hope to one day reach a success (and ultimately, monetary) level in which they would become part of the Upper Class, while others are perfectly happy in the social class that they are in. Finally, at the base of the triangular illustration, is the Lower Class. This class, as expected, contains more people than both the Middle Class and Upper Class. This class contains mostly hard working individuals who get by and make do with what they have to work with. Some of these people have less than desirable situations, somewhat due to poor decision making a hard way of life. Although this is the case for so me, most are faced with unfair opportunities and unequal representation in society. One thing about the Middle Class that differentiates it from the Lower and Upper Classes it’s ability to facilitate aspirations. Middle Class citizens are able to aspire to be more than what they are born into. They are able to dream for success and luxury. Unlike the Middle Class, the Lower Class is not capable of possessing the same aspirations. This is due to the fact that things that would be desired by the Middle Class may seem somewhat out of reach, but not unattainable. These same objectives are more unattainable and even more out of reach for the Lower Class because of their point of view. They have less to start out with than higher classes. They also do not have the same opportunities as higher classes that would enable them to reach these goals. Those people, who would logically be placed in the Upper Class, are not always offended by that categorization. Some Upper Class occupants hold the beliefs that they do belong there and that certain other people, or types of people, do not. The Upper Class can be loosely defined as an elite club. This club is very hard to get into if one is not already a member by way of one’s family or social favors. Unfortunately, some members of the Upper Class do look down upon those in the middle class and even more upon those who belong to the Lower Class. This can create some tensions between the classes Lower Class Americans have a bad stereotype. In general, when we as society think of Lower Class people, we envision ragged old people pushing shopping carts down the side of the road. This stereotype is not usually the case. Most people who can be categorized as Lower Class are not homeless, unemployed, or completely poor. The majority of people in this class work minimum wage jobs which give them a yearly salary sometimes below the poverty level. Many times Lower Class people cannot get out of their class standing due to the fact that they were part of the Lower Class. Lower Class people due not always have an education, therefore, they cannot get a decent job, thus, they cannot make any money to improve their lifestyle. Ultimately, Lower Class people, for the most part, cannot â€Å"get out†. To be fair, not all Lower Class citizens are Lower Class for their entire life. There are many stories of people who were born into poverty and a Lower Class society who ended up as so cial leaders. Finally, there is the Middle Class. This is the class that society has labeled as the class in which â€Å"true Americans† belong. As stated earlier, Americans are reluctant to think of themselves as anything other than middle class. Being in the Middle Class brings a sense of security to one’s self. Being a part of the Middle Class means that one is â€Å"doing all right†. One does not have to worry about being perceived as lush, as they might if one were Upper Class. While at the same time, one doesn’t have to worry about being labeled as a lazy, bum with no money. Unfortunately, this might happen if one were considered as Lower Class. Being Middle Class means that there is something to aspire to be (Upper Class), and there is always a situation worse than the one at hand (Lower Class). Unfortunately, in America, social class is a derived form of economic class. Thus â€Å"poor† people end up being classified as lower social class Americans, while the â€Å"rich† are classified as upper social class Americans. This is due to the fact that one cannot be cultured and socially active without money. Money provides a facade about one’s self both literally and figuratively. Money buys clothes and make-up which give off first impressions to people. In addition, money also allows one to be socially active. A socially active and cultured person is most likely not going to be labeled as Lower Class. Understanding of social classification has plagued society for many years. The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels described a society where people had a place in society, but were unable to digress from that which they were born into. During the 1840’s 50’s, the controlling class was the bourgeoisie. Members of this class had sole ownership of all means of production. Today this class, the Upper Class, would consist of the elite 1% of our population and would contain high society members such as CEO’s and the like. Marx and Engels also described the Proletariat. This class would be simply dubbed: the workers. They would provide the physical labor needed by the Bourgeoisie until the introduction of machinery into factories. Today, people belonging to this class are considered the working poor. These people work low wage jobs and are constantly on the verge of falling into poverty. This class exemplifies a previous statement that there is always a worse situation in life than the one at hand. Why does society feel the need to label or classify people into classes? This is a question that still remains in our society. People have a need to feel like they know where they belong in life and society. Having a label gives one the comfort of being something. Many are hypocritical in this sense because people often express a want for everybody to be equal, but no one can be equal if they are put into a class structure like what has been done in society. To be equal is to be the same, and no one is the same as another. Research Papers on True Class in AmericaStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Generating Curiosity in Mathematics

Generating Curiosity in Mathematics Strategies for Enhancing Curiosity in Mathematics One of strategies for enhancing curiosity in mathematics among students is making use of mathematical manipulatives. Manipulatives are obtained from day-to-day objects used by students. Using this strategy, curiosity is developed through connection of mathematical concepts with sensorimotor understanding coupled with explicit verbal-declarative skills.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generating Curiosity in Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another strategy is making students work in groups. The third strategy is to teach all the students together and have one repeat the procedure to the rest. A reward may be given for correct repetition. Lastly, a teacher may use mathematical problems to create games for which every student would like to be part of. In the effort to become champions in a particular game, the students develop curiosity on how to work with n umbers. Purpose of the Strategies For successful performance in the games, when using games to create curiosity among children, a child endeavors to learn the rules of the game. Hence, when games are made such that they feature mathematical analogies, children become curious on how they can be able to learn the rules and the processes of determining the winner (Koch, 2010). The purpose of mathematical manipulative strategy is to make children relate practical scenarios with the concepts taught in mathematics. For strategies of group work and having a single student teach the rest about something that has been taught previously, the purpose is to encourage students to become curious by learning from the mistakes made. How a teacher can apply the strategies in classroom settings To use manipulatives to enhance curiosity in mathematics among students, a teacher can collect colored beads, blocks, or even sticks. He or she has to make the learners sample together blocks of the same color followed by requesting them to count each set of the blocks in an effort to get their answer. Based on color differences, students learn that different objects have different mathematical representations. This strategy would make them become curious about other things, for instance, their number in class based on gender. Using gaming strategy to enhance math curiosity, the teacher needs to let the children engage in plays while keeping the record of scores for each session in the form of blocks with one block representing a score. The blocks for different sessions also need to be different in color. When requested to identify the number of scores in all the games, the main problem would be how to count the total number of blocks. Since the winner will be the team having the largest number of blocks, children are able to have curiosity to understand the precedence of numbers through gaming and the process of determining the winner, which entails addition.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To induce math curiosity by having students work in groups, a teacher may give students a number of sticks to use in the computation of addition problems. Each student in the group is requested to carry out an addition task while explaining to the rest about every step. When one student completes the task, another student in the same group is requested to also carry out the task. Rewards are given for students who achieve outstanding results. Rewarding not only motivates them but also makes the group members more curious about the process of using the sticks to arrive at the correct answers (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin Smith, 2012). A teacher can also induce curiosity in math by choosing randomly a student to repeat the process of solving a mathematical problem to the rest of the students. This strategy makes students pay attention and or develop curiosity to know how mat hematical problems are solved so that, should one be chosen to solve a similar problem, she or he will get it right and get a reward. Reference List Koch, J. (2010). Science stories: Science methods for elementary and middle schoolteachers. Wadsworth: Cengage Publishing. Reys, R., Lindquist, M., Lambdin, D., Smith, N. (2012). Helping Children Learn Mathematics. Hobokon, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE - Essay Example This results in organizational politics which may be good or bad for the company depending on the intent of those playing politics. Some play a fair game and for the benefit of the organization while others play politics to achieve personal ends. The question that begs answers therefore, is; is it possible or desirable to eliminate organizational politics? In this essay, I will argue that it is not possible to eliminate organizational politics as long as there are resources to be shared and it is not even desirable to do so as it supports company growth. Organizational politics is defined by Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 387) as â€Å"the activities carried out by people to acquire, enhance and use power and other resources to obtain desired outcomes in a situation where there is uncertainty or disagreement.† Power is very vital in organizations as it determines who gets what, when and how and as such it is not unusual to find employees especially managers fighting for power so as to gain control (Gilmore & Williams 2013: 80). Sometimes power is achieved by the mere fact of a persons position in the organization (legitimate, coercive & reward power) hence those in power use all means to reserve it or gain it by ascending to a position of authority. This entails engaging in political behavior to achieve such ends especially if they feel their position is threatened. This political behavior (Cavanaugh, Moberg and Velasques 1981: 368) can be used for ethical or unethical purposes and should be avoided if it does not respect the ri ghts of all affected parties, does not respect canons of justice and does not lead to efficient optimization of satisfaction of interests inside and outside organization. Although it may be unethical, Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 388) argue that trying to eliminate political behavior will seldom, if ever, work. Instead, this may increase the behavior due to resulting uncertainty and ambiguity. They argue that politics may provide possible

Situation analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Situation analysis - Essay Example Direct competitors include Seattle’s Best, Figaro and others while other fast food chains also poses as indirect competitors such as Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds and other fast food chains offering coffee as part of their menu. Competitors can either be direct or indirect competitors. Direct competitors are those companies who could offer the same product and services while indirect competitors are companies who could offer an alternative product or services (Mà ¶ller, 2006). Needless to say, Starbucks operate in a very highly competitive environment. Competition in the industry was aggravated by the recent financial crisis which changed the buying behaviour of Starbucks customers whose purchasing habits changed dramatically along with their choices of coffee products. Starbucks used to market its product as premium coffee commanding premium prices in the market. This strategy however changed with the changing behaviour of consumers in the aftermath of recent financial crisis. The â€Å"premium coffee† preference suddenly became less a priority and convenience and affordability moved to the forefront. The â€Å"prestige orientation† of Starbucks is no longer applicable in the changing behaviour of its customers. This trend continues and is now the reality of the market. Demand however is not seen to diminish. Customers however are now price sensitive to the coffees they purchase. Economic environment determines the financial capacity of its market and business has to adjust correspondingly for it to survive. In the case of Starbucks, economic environment made Starbucks reconsider its position in the market when the financial crisis hit in 2008-2010 that companies were compelled to adapt to the new market realities to stay afloat as a business (Miron, 2013). The main strength of Starbucks is its brand that commands confidence in

D1213 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

D1213 - Assignment Example Production of bottled water is under strict regulations and monitoring prescribed by FDA which ensures cleanliness and purity of the water. In case of tap water most of the time water lines are affected due to contamination which can be avoided by using bottled water. As there are, both negative and positive aspects related with bottled water so according to me it is better to use bottled water from a reputed manufacturer (Azoulay, Garzon and Eisenberg). Before consume bottled water it is always recommended that to verify the content level and make sure that it is purified according to FDA regulations. Ergogenic aids are mainly the supplements, which has a quality to enhance performance for a certain time by increasing energy utilization. The external influence provided by ergogenic aids is associated with not only performance but also can remove certain restraints, which can limit capacity of an individual (Tokish, Kocher and Hawkins). International Olympic committee has an independent body of that is World anti drug doping agency (WADA) has a prescribed guidelines for ergogenic aids and there mode of legality. Blood doping is a kind of ergogenic aids, which is illegal as it cause severe side effects in human body. There are also some supplements also which are permissible according to the WADA. Supplements such as creatine, caffeine, amino acids are legal in a permissible range. There following questions can be asked to an athlete before taking this kind of supplement, Further research needs to be done on the effect on performance and side effects of the supplements. Athletes and their coaches who are using these kinds of supplements need proper counseling. Awareness program can be organized to give a proper picture of the side effects. Most importantly Legal action should be taken to the users of banned supplements. Tokish, John M, Mininder S Kocher, and Richard J Hawkins. â€Å"Ergogenic Aids: A Review Of Basic Science,

Cultural Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Cultural Identity - Essay Example It creates a certain stereotype that is more often not well justified or has no basis at all. My cultural identity is shaped and influenced by an ancient cultural Chinese tradition of filial obedience based on the teachings of Confucius, a feeling of belonging and affiliation with the entire Chinese nation, including the overseas Chinese in many other countries, and it is because of the Chinese civilization being the oldest continuously existing civilization in the world today, with its unique language (the most difficult to learn and master) and system of its writing (based on characters), and pride in resurgent China after two centuries of being under Western colonial powers. There is equality among sexual genders although under the present regime, families prefer baby boys to baby girls because of its one-child per family policy to help contain its ever-increasing large population. Although the Chinese people is composed of many ethnic groups, there is only one national language, which is Mandarin, and despite its huge geographic size, China officially has only one time z one (it covers five time zones) for easier governance and administration. A Chinese person is able to connect and feel an affinity with another Chinese anywhere in the world due to this single language for communication. I have come over to the United States of America as an international student, and one of my subjects in school is inter-cultural communications. This is the first time I experienced the concept of white privilege, in which people of the white race feel a sense of entitlement to all the good things in life, and taking these things for granted as something that is due to them (Martin 55) in a daily pattern of dominance, subordination, and privilege. It is unspoken type of privileged class, with white males looking down on the females (regardless of skin color) as sexual objects, made of

Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Position Paper - Essay Example There are a number of causes to such a feeling for example family problems, loss of a loved one, losing faith in your ideal person, underestimating boss or colleagues, neglecting society, or merely moving away from your house. I’m narrating this story according to my experience as a victim of this undesired eradicator ‘Alienation’. Out of many reasons as philosophers suggest, I was suffering from the neglecting attitude of my colleagues at work place from the time I joined in. Being a student, I took a part time job to cover my expenses. Not being part of the permanent staff, I was mostly excluded from conversations and group discussions. Not having anyone to talk to for the entire day frustrated me regardless of my purpose of joining the workplace which was merely to gain work experience and make a little money for myself. I started wondering why such discrimination? What is the actual reason for their unresponsiveness? I never thought I would do this, but I started questioning my purpose of life. I used to ask myself often, who am I? Why am I here? Who am I supposed to be? I couldn’t discuss this with anyone as I, myself was unsure as to what was happening to me. I lost focus from both, my studies as well as work when one of my teachers realized the despair I was going through. He was the one who figured out that I was suffering from the syndrome of alienation. I was made to leave the job and start community work for the time being. According to Amitai Etzioni, a sociology professor from George Washington University, one such social solution of getting rid of the feeling of alienation is the idea of communitarianism (Etzioni, 1990). Along with the community service, I started to study few subjects like art and culture to keep my mind occupied. Soon I became so fond of it, I started to bring my thoughts and ideas on the paper. My interest grew towards the subjects of humanities and I thought of taking it up as my

Cultural Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Cultural Identity - Essay Example It creates a certain stereotype that is more often not well justified or has no basis at all. My cultural identity is shaped and influenced by an ancient cultural Chinese tradition of filial obedience based on the teachings of Confucius, a feeling of belonging and affiliation with the entire Chinese nation, including the overseas Chinese in many other countries, and it is because of the Chinese civilization being the oldest continuously existing civilization in the world today, with its unique language (the most difficult to learn and master) and system of its writing (based on characters), and pride in resurgent China after two centuries of being under Western colonial powers. There is equality among sexual genders although under the present regime, families prefer baby boys to baby girls because of its one-child per family policy to help contain its ever-increasing large population. Although the Chinese people is composed of many ethnic groups, there is only one national language, which is Mandarin, and despite its huge geographic size, China officially has only one time z one (it covers five time zones) for easier governance and administration. A Chinese person is able to connect and feel an affinity with another Chinese anywhere in the world due to this single language for communication. I have come over to the United States of America as an international student, and one of my subjects in school is inter-cultural communications. This is the first time I experienced the concept of white privilege, in which people of the white race feel a sense of entitlement to all the good things in life, and taking these things for granted as something that is due to them (Martin 55) in a daily pattern of dominance, subordination, and privilege. It is unspoken type of privileged class, with white males looking down on the females (regardless of skin color) as sexual objects, made of

Positions of Individual versus Society in Terms of Cognitive Essay

Positions of Individual versus Society in Terms of Cognitive Development - Essay Example This concept leads to several questions. Piaget saw the child as a solitary learner and discoverer, and on the contrary, Vygotsky emphasized on the social and cultural nature of the development. According to Vygotsky, a child's psychological development happens within social interactions, not through the unfolding of the innate structures. Development is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from its social and cultural contexts. Therefore as per his theory, individual is a part of the sociocultural matrix, where social interactions play important and fundamental roles in the development of cognition. It can said that not only the genetics and the environment, cognitive development is a manifestation of the influence of a mix of social forces surrounding the individual. The environment and individual change continuously, rather not in a staged fashion as prescribed by Piaget, and with these qualitative changes, the individuals produce new developmental accomplishments and mark new developmental milestones. If one compares these two paradigms, it will be evident that Piaget believed that the child him or herself is the most important source of cognitive development. ... Piaget relied upon the clinical method where he used probing questions to discover what the children understood, and Vygotsky on the contrary was concerned with the historical and social aspects of the human behavior that is unique for human nature. By his theory of genetic epistemology, Piaget studied the mechanism of acquirement of knowledge and was interested in errors that children make and suggested that these were nonrandom. He was on the look for a systematic pattern in the production of these errors and worked towards providing a logical and internally consistent explanation of these errors. In Piaget's view, development is a natural process with extension of the child's ideas from the child to the world with an invariant sequence of mental development in stages. On the contrary, as has been mentioned earlier, Vygotsky was concerned with the historical and social aspects of unique human natures. His theory suggested that social and cultural factors contribute to the developme nt of intellect, and speech is a tool of thought, and in that sense, development of speech carries culture in that it stores the ancestry of experience in the social context. Human being, in that sense, is unique because they use these tools to create artefacts to change life conditions. Thus, according to Vygotsky theory, ideas originate as a dialectical process of social, cultural, and historical factors in an unending and orderly pattern. Piaget believed that intelligence arises in a progressive fashion in a child's repetitive activities, and the child developmentally acquires concepts of space, time, causes, and physical objects and begins to have fantasy and symbolism right in the infancy. These can be interpreted by

Affirmative Action Essay Example for Free

Affirmative Action Essay In the past, minority rights such as racial equality were limited due to race and gender discrimination. Minority advocates such as Martin Luther King, Jr. strived for this basic necessity of equality. In Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s speech, â€Å"I Have A Dream,† he states â€Å"I have a dream that my future little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. † His dream of racial equality has become a reality, but only to an extent. The statistics mentioned in any of the research or surveys do not signify the treatment any of the group receives within the society. There are various factors that affect social life of people and there can be other ways to promote ethnic diversity in the society. People receiving benefits of the affirmative actions develop different mind sets. They are perceived differently and some kinds of stereotypes are developed for them. These are some of the negative and identified consequences of the affirmative program. These programs have become more political issue than a solution of social problem. The use of Affirmative Action to promote racial and gender equality have negative consequences in our society. Affirmative Action was expected to be the solution to correct the unfair practices of the past that has continued in the mindsets of people. Affirmative Action is the practice of giving preference to racial minorities, people with disabilities or women in the education or profession. This practice was to bring minority groups and women into institutions and professions that had been dominated by Caucasian males. The use of Affirmative Action has impacted our educational institutions. Proponents of Affirmative Action insist that the use of this practice is advantageous for students. Supporters of Affirmative Action dismiss the negative effects of this initiative. Yet, Affirmative Action in higher education has created problems such as reverse discrimination and social stigmatism in our learning institutions. My family and I moved to the United States fifteen years ago hoping to have a better life. Most Asian parents moved here so their kids can have a better education and better future, my parents were no different. The experience as a minority student has not been bad for me. In fact I enjoyed it to a certain extent, where I had been treated specially. However, sooner I realized the other aspects of being minority. Why does every minority student like to have this treatment? I personally disliked this type of treatment due to various reasons. One of these reasons is that I do not want to be labeled as an Affirmative Action recipient. I think I am capable enough to make through the pharmacy school. I would require funding and would apply for the loans and scholarships. If I ever made it into pharmacy school, I definitely do not want my classmates and professors to think that I used the Affirmative Action policies to get into the program. However in the present scenario, it seems to be impossible. People will think I am one of the recipients even if I am not. In a couple months, I will be applying to pharmacy school and the Affirmative Action practice will present me with a dilemma. This practice will affect my admission process one way or another. It will offer me, a minority student, some form of preferential treatment in getting into it. But I am not sure how this is going to help me to deal with the day to day challenges of my educational life. Will this help me to change the mindsets of my classmates to be that I belong to a minority group? Will this change what they think about my background and how they stereotype me with that? I am proud of myself and my background. I do not want to carry the social stigma of being from minority class there. I want to get recognized by what I am, an individual and my character as Martin Luther King told in his speech. Affirmative Action was created to help all students learn to take different viewpoints into account and to learn to live with people of different races and cultures. However, in my view the purpose of Affirmative Action has been reversed. Instead of promoting minority groups in higher education, Affirmative Action serves as a reverse discrimination tool against male Caucasians. If society can not accept discrimination among minorities, then there is no excuse for discrimination against male Caucasians. Proponents suggest that Affirmative Action has contributed to the increase of diversity in our public higher education. For example, many children come from families whose native language is not English. Language barriers create a stigma for non-English speaking students. Supporters of acknowledge that Affirmative Action helps students overcome difficulties. However, does this practice make college easier to get in? Many colleges and universities base their admissions on the factors of grades and academics. Through the use of Affirmative Action, it is the individual’s background that mostly justifies entrance. Yet, how does a students’ background justify how well he or she is going to succeed? For example, many students apply to medical schools or pharmacy schools which are highly competitive. Factors such as academic affect how a student is going to be admitted. In cases where schools apply methods of Affirmative Action, minority students who are unlikely to be admitted, are accepted. Affirmative Action has also placed a social stigma on students who benefit from Affirmative Action. Many students who benefit from Affirmative Action may be labeled as unintelligent. This can create a form of stereotyping among minorities which Affirmative Action is trying to eliminate. An example of social stigmatism is shown at North Carolina Colleges. Many Black students state that â€Å"they were treated like Affirmative Action cases even if they were not. Professors, seeking to help, asked them if they needed tutoring or other assistance, already assuming the Black students’ lack of qualifications. † In some cases, people’s race does not necessarily determine their beliefs on the issue of Affirmative Action. I am one of them. The use of Affirmative Action has been built on historical precedents. Many proponent of Affirmative Action believe that society should repay back to minorities for what they did in the past. Yet, how much should society give back for the mistakes of the past? I do not believe that we should compensate for the things we did in history. We can not change what happened in the past. Through proper implementation of cultural and diversity awareness, we can stop the new forms of discrimination that is occurring today. People are less likely to discriminate against each other if they have a better understanding of the person. I am one of the prospective recipients of the Affirmative Action benefits. I had developed my viewpoints towards this particular aspect on the basis of my personal experiences and social responses I had received on this particular aspect. I did my own research in order to develop more understanding towards the issue. The objectives of any affirmative programs are as follows: 1. To provide equal opportunity in education and employment 2. To increase ethnic diversity in all levels of society 3. To redress perceived disadvantages of racial, ethnic, physically disabled or other minority classes and gender based discriminations. There are various types of affirmative actions taken across the world in order to encourage or promote the equal treatment to all the diverse classes. In most of the countries the affirmative action programs intend to benefit historically disadvantaged ethnic minorities, women, disable people, veterans, aboriginal people and others. All the affirmative programs have similar objectives. However the major outcomes even after decades of implementing such programs are as follows: 1. None of the program across the world has been able to achieve its objectives in the desired time frame. 2. All the programs had to be extended due to the failure of achieving the desired responses, oppose from the minority groups to terminate the program or raised political interest for the political benefits. 3. The beneficiaries of these programs are majorly from the upper section of the minority groups. Some of the respondents receive the benefits of affirmative programs more than one time in their life. Those people for whom these programs are developed and implemented are left behind and there is no change in their education, social and economic status. Affirmative Action is good in nature but there are still flaws that can be changed. Race should not be the deciding factor if a person gets admitted to a college or university. It has always been the person’s socioeconomic status that has been an obstacle to higher education. For example, when a student of high socioeconomic status is raised in a community where education and teacher quality is high, the probability of the student going to succeed is high. Yet, when a poor student is offered inferior education, it is not because of the student race, it is one’s socioeconomic status is an obstacle. Each student should have the same opportunity to have an equal education, no matter what race one is. Therefore, government agencies should stop focusing on race related issues. They should try to increase the quality of our public schools through proper funding. In doing so, it will allow anyone of any race/gender to succeed in school and life. There are some other ways that can be adopted to ensure social change in the society. A diverse society requires everyone to be treated equally and respectfully. These aspects can not be forced by adopting these measures for prolonged period. These benefits should be interlinked with other aspects of the social life of beneficiary. Those people who really do not have means and measures to afford good education and are eligible for the same should be encouraged and supported. If it is must to have affirmative program, than it should be given once in the lifetime and it should be linked with other aspects of the social life. There should be various opportunities in the social, educational and professional lives of people to interact more with diverse backgrounds of people. Churches, religious organizations, social organizations should be encouraged to promote diversification of the society. People should be given equal opportunity and any case of unfair treatment should be handled with strict legal framework. The consequences of mistreatment to anyone on any ground should be taken seriously. The focus of the policy makers should be to encourage the diverse environments and fair treatment at all the levels of the society without providing special benefits to any group but by promoting the respect and fear of consequences of unfair treatments. Sometimes I get these kinds of comments from the people advocating affirmative actions, ‘When you will face actual situation, you will understand by your own. † I might be very young to understand the dept of these actions, but I do believe that majority of people taking these benefits are not the actual people for whom these policies has been developed. In someway, we are repeating the mistakes of the history. Admissions or professional growth on merit basis provides a positive environment to study and grow, where one will not have the feeling that they have been granted something they do not deserve nor some have the feelings that they could not get the opportunity due to the reservations given to the minority class. Affirmative actions gives preference to one on the same ground they were not given opportunities in the past, their historic background. To a certain extent affirmative action can be justified for the physically challenged people as they have to deal with tough and complex living situations than the normal and healthy person. Being physically challenged does not make them less capable for certain tasks or abnormal but it increases the complexity of their lives. This is due to the fact that everything from the bus terminal or classes in an institution is designed with the view of a physically normal person. There are constant efforts done in order to make the life easier for physically challenged people. Nevertheless these aspects are not applicable to the people receiving benefits on the basis of their race or gender. Racial and gender equality is a basic necessity that millions of people have been fighting for the past decades. Through the use of Affirmative Action, how can we justify this practice if it contradicts what we have been looking for? Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s perception of society is a reality that is changing. If we continue to endorse the use of Affirmative Action, then we will be going back to our unenlightened ideology of race and gender superiority. To conclude I would like to quotes of actor Jon Stewart, â€Å"Heres the point youre looking at affirmative action, and youre looking at marijuana. You legalize marijuana, no need for quotas, because really, whos gonna wanna work? † Affirmative actions are injuring the scholars and capable people of the recipient groups by stereotyping them to be belonging to a class of less capable group receiving benefits. It will institutionalize the demerits of the discrimination on any ground. I do not want myself to be in the same stream. As an individual I want to be treated as I am as a person and on the grounds of my eligibility and capabilities in my social and professional group. My background should be the factor for anyone to decide what kind of treatment I should be given.

A Covenant Is An Agreement Between Two People Religion Essay

A Covenant Is An Agreement Between Two People Religion Essay A covenant is an agreement between two people or two groups that involves promises on the part of each other. The concept of covenant between GOD and his people is one of the most important theological truths of the Bible. A covenant, in the biblical sense, implies much more than a contract or simple agreement. A contract always has an end date, while a covenant is a permanent arrangement. Another difference is that a contract generally involves only parts of a person, such as a skill, while a covenant covers a persons total being.    In theology and Biblical studies, the word covenant principally refers to a number of solemn agreements made between God and the children of Israel, as well as to the New Covenant, which involves all who turn to God through Christ.  [1]   Firstly, the entire Bible Covenants can be viewed as Conditional and Unconditional Covenants. The unconditional Covenants are those covenants bound to deliver regardless of obedience or disobedience. God still fulfils these covenants with the Covenanted. Genesis 12:15 reveals; God grants Abram land and descendants without any specific condition being attached. While the conditional covenants (as shown in Gen. 17; the covenant of circumcision) are those with a condition attached. That is, this covenant will bring either blessing or cursing depending on obedience or disobedience. The Bible speaks of several different covenants, and the opinions of Bible Scholar differ in terms of grouping. However, the following are the generally accepted groupings: ADAMIC COVENANT: This can be thought of in two parts: the Edenic Covenant-Innocence. This is found in Genesis 1:26-30; 2:16-17. The Edenic Covenant outlined mans responsibility toward creation and Gods directive regarding the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.  [2]  The Adamic Covenant-Grace included the curses pronounced against mankind for the sin of Adam and Eve, as well as Gods provision for that sin as stated in Genesis 3:15. We see in this verse Gods plan for salvation through Christ. The phrase, you will strike his heel refers to Satans repeated attempt to defeat Christ during His life on earth. He will crush your head foreshadows Satans defeat when Christ rose from the dead. A bruise on the heel is not deadly, but a crush on the head is. Already God was revealing His plan to defeat Satan and offer salvation to the world through His Son Jesus Christ.  [3]  God finally fulfilled this covenant through Christ life, death and resurrection NOAHIC COVENANT: This was an unconditional covenant between God and Noah specifically and extended to humanity in general through Christ. This covenant has three parts: (1) God promised humanity that He would never again destroy all life on earth with the Flood. (2) God promised to preserve the seasons of the year. Each season will come in its time as long as the earth remains. (3) God gave the rainbow as a sign that He will keep the covenant. To this day, God has kept this covenant. The earths order and seasons are still preserved and the rainbow reminds us of Gods faithfulness to His Word. Christ, who is Gods Word is the preservation of the earth thus; God fulfilled this covenant through Christ. God blesses and commands Noah and his sons, that they should be fruitful and multiply, and populate the earth. He places all plants and animals under human command, forbids eating meat with the blood still in it and forbids murder ABRAHAMIC COVENANT: Genesis Chapters 12-17 show God giving Abraham several promises. He promised that He would make Abrahams name great, that he would have numerous physical and spiritual descendants, and that he would be the father of a multitude of nations. God also made promises regarding a nation called Israel. In fact, the geographical boundaries of the Abrahamic Covenant are laid out on more than one occasion in the book of Genesis. Another provision in the Abrahamic Covenant is that the families of the world will be blessed through the physical line of Abraham. Circumcision is to be the permanent sign of this everlasting covenant with Abraham and his male descendants and is known as the covenant of circumcision. To give Abrahams descendants all the land from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates. Later, this land came to be referred to as the Promised Land however the land specified by the Abrahamic Covenant also includes the modern nations of Saudi Arabia, Omen, Yemen, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon , Jordan, Kuwait, UAE, and several other nations within the Middle East Region. To make Abraham a father of many nations and of many descendants and the land of Canaan as well as the entire middle-east to his descendant. Through Abrahams family tree, Jesus Christ was born to save humanity. Through Christ, all people and all nations of the earth can have a relationship with God and be blessed beyond measure. This whole covenant is fulfil through the life, death and resurrection Christ Jesus. MOSAIC COVENANT: The Mosaic Covenant was a conditional covenant that either brought Gods direct blessing for obedience or Gods direct cursing for disobedience upon the nation of Israel. Part of the Mosaic Covenant was the Ten Commandments found in Exodus 20. The history books of the Old Testament detail how Israel succeeded at obeying the law and how they also failed miserably at obeying the law. Deuteronomy 11:26-28 details specifically the blessing/cursing designed. Gods plan to save mankind and to maintain a perfect relationship with man failed, as man constantly breached the covenants and broke the laws. Man was charged to obey about 2, 713 Commandments, judgments and ordinance of God.  [4]  This plan for redemption was fulfilled in Christ (through Christ death on the Cross), who was the only human who obeyed and fulfilled all the laws. God promised to make the children of Israel His special possession among all people if they obey God and keep his covenant; to make them a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. To give the children of Israel the Sabbath as the permanent sign of this covenant DAVIDIC COVENANT: The Davidic Covenant amplifies the seed aspect which was detailed in the Abrahamic Covenant as revealed in 2 Samuel 7:8-16. God promised that Davids physical line of descent would last forever and that his kingdom would never pass away permanently. This kingdom, furthermore, would have a ruling individual exercising authority over it. There will come a time when someone from the royal line of David will again sit on the throne and rule as King. This was fulfilled in Christ Jesus as shown in Luke 1:32-33. During Jesus life, He was referred to as the Son of David (Christ Genealogy) thus fulfilling this covenant that David throne shall be established forever. Among theologians, the opinion is unanimous that Christ fulfils the Davidic Covenant. The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham  [5]   Thou Son of David, have mercy on us.  [6]   THE NEW COVENANT (COVENANT OF GRACE): The covenant of grace, then, spans the whole of redemptive history from Gen 3:15 till the coming of the Lord. Whereas in the Mosaic Covenant, salvation/blessing was to be merited by works; but in the Covenant of Grace it is received by faith alone in the works of Christ (death and resurrection). It is through faith in Christ as the second Adam, especially in His life, death and resurrection, that Gods people receive eternal life. This Covenant theology teaches that Jesus, as the second Adam, came to save lost sinners (Tim 1:15). His work is not simply to open up the possibility of salvation, but to save completely those who come to God through Him (Heb 7:24). That is why the writer of Hebrews declared: Neither by blood of goats and calves, but by His own blood He entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us  [7]   The Christian New Covenant resembles the theological concept of a new relationship between God and man mediated by Jesus which necessarily includes all people, both Jews and Gentiles nations. Christians believe the New Covenant ends the original sin and profane death for everyone who becomes a Christian and cannot only be a renewal of the Mosaic Covenant since it seemingly accomplishes new things. Christian laws of faith claim that a New Covenant of the replaces/fulfils or completes Gods Mosaic covenant. The only reference in the Hebrew Bible that uses the wording new covenant is found in the Book of Jeremiah, Chapters 30-33 (Gods promise of restoration), (Jeremiah 31:31-34). The New Covenant is a covenant made with the nation of Israel which speaks about the blessings which are detailed in the Abrahamic Covenant. In the New Covenant, God promises to forgive sin, and there will be a universal knowledge of the Lord (verse 34). It even appears that the nation of Israel will have a spec ial relationship with their God (verse 33). The New Testament makes a clear distinction between Mosaic Covenant (Covenant of Law) and Covenants of Promise (Covenant of Grace). The apostle Paul spoke of these two Covenants, one originating from Mount Sinai, the other from the Jerusalem above (Gal. 4:24-26). Paul also argued that the covenant established at Mount Sinai, the Law, is a ministry of death and condemnation (II Cor. 3:7, 9) a covenant that cannot be obeyed because of mans weakness and sin (Rom. 8:3). But the Covenants of Promise (Eph. 2:12) are Gods guarantees that He will provide salvation in spite of mans inability to keep his side of the agreement because of sins nature. Christ death ushered in the New Covenant under which we are justified by Gods grace and mercy rather than our human attempts to keep the law. And Jesus Himself is the Mediator of this better Covenant between GOD and man (Heb. 9:15). Jesus sacrificial death served as the oath, which GOD made to us to seal this New Covenant. He is determined to give us eternal life and fellowship with Him, in spite of our unworthiness. As the Book of Hebrews declares, The word of the oath, which came after the law, appoints the Son who has been perfected forever (Heb. 7:28). This is still Gods promise to any person who turns to Him in repentance and faith. Under this New Covenant, GOD would write His Law on human hearts. This promised action suggested a new level of obedience, a new knowledge of the LORD, and a new forgiveness of sin. The New Testament, which itself means New Covenant, interprets the work of Jesus Christ as bringing this promised Covenant into being. In Luke 22:20, when Jesus ate the Passover meal at the Last Supper with His disciples, He spoke of the cup as the New Covenant in My blood. When the apostle Paul recited the tradition he had received concerning the Last Supper, he quoted these words of Jesus about the cup as the New Covenant in My blood (I Cor. 11:25). Jesus is referred to by the writer of Hebrews as the Mediator of the New Covenant (Heb. 9:15; 12:24). The new covenant, a better covenantestablished on better promises (Heb. 8:6), rests directly on the sacrificial work of Christ. The new covenant accomplished what the old could not: removal of sin and cleansing of the conscience (Heb. 10:2, 22). The work of Jesus Christ on the cross thus makes the Old Covenant obsolete (Heb. 8:13) and fulfils the promise of the prophet Jeremiah-Christ is the fulfilment of all the Covenants. CHINYERE C. CHUKWU

Abraham Lincoln Essay -- essays research papers

On February 12, 1809 a boy was born unto Thomas and Nancy Lincoln in a one room log cabin on Nolin Creek near Hodgenville, Kentucky. Who would know that this son of a farmer and a boy with not much education would grow up to be not only the 16th President of the United States but also one of the most famous speakers in history. I will chronicle for you some of the most remembered and effective public addresses of President Abraham Lincoln.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln’s rise to presidency was a lengthy one. His first political speech came in 1830 after he and his family moved to Illinois where they settled on undeclared land along the Sangamon River; he was in favor of improving navigation on this river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At age 24, Lincoln is elected to the Illinois General Assembly and begins his studies in law. Two years later he is re-elected to the Illinois Gen. Assembly and is now a leader of the Whig party. September 9th, 1836 Lincoln receives his law license and in June of 1840 he argues his first case before the Illinois Supreme Court. After being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, he delivers a speech on the floor of the House against President Polks war policy regarding Mexico. In March of 1849 he makes an appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the Illinois statute of limitations, but is unsuccessful and leaves politics to practice law. Lincoln’s aptitude in public speaking soon gains him a reputation as an outstanding lawyer and is nicknamed â€Å"honest abe†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1854 he decides to re-enter politics and is elected to Illinois legislature but declines the seat in order to try to become U.S. Senator; however he is again unsuccessful and does not get chosen by the Illinois legislature to be U.S. Senator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abe Lincoln was well known in history for his views on anti-slavery laws. On June 26th, 1857, he first speaks against slavery at the Dredd Scott ruling. Dredd Scott was an African-American slave whom was taken by his master, an officer in the U.S. Army from the slave state of Missouri to the free territory of Wisconsin where he lived on free soil for a long period of time. When the Army ordered his master back to Missouri, he took Scott back to that slave state where his master died. In 1846, Scott was helped by Abolitionist lawyers to sue for his free... ...shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.† The most famous and important Civil War Battle occurred over three summer days, July 1-3, 1863, around the small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Lincoln was outraged at the number of casualties and on November 19th delivers the Gettysburg Address dedicating the battlefield as a national cemetery. He spoke in his high, penetrating and in a little over two minutes delivered the address, surprising many by its shortness and leaving others quite unimpressed. â€Å"Over time, however, the speech and its words- government of the People, by the People, for the People- have come to symbolize the definition of democracy itself.† Unfortunately, Lincoln’s next tenure as President, is cut short by his untimely death. During the play â€Å"Our American Cousin† at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865, Lincoln was killed by a bullet to the head by John Wilkes Booth. President Abraham Lincoln dies at 7:22 in the morning on April 15, 1865. The public addresses of Abraham Lincoln allow us to learn fundamental aspects of public speaking. Due to his outstanding ability to communicate, teaches us still today, the effectiveness of great speech communication.